Abstract: The -ING construction has a number of uses in the English language, and teaching it to speakers of other languages poses some challenges, as learners tend to interpret the construction as a verbal one, in the progressive aspect, which is only one part of the picture. Bearing this in mind, we have developed a corpus-based research into the form-meaning/function pairing (Goldberg, 1995, 2006) of the construction, relying on Construction Grammar (Kay, Fillmore; 1999; Goldberg, 1995, 2006) and Cognitive Grammar (Langacker, 1987, 1990, 1991, 2008), apart from a semantic approach to the -ING construction (Wierzbicka, 1988), essential for describing the -ING construction from a conceptual perspective within the wide-ranging scope of Cognitive Linguistics (Geeraerts, 2006), which also included Prototype Theory (Rosch, 1973) and Radial Categories (Brugman, 1981; Lakoff, 1987). In regard to methodology, we have taken both a quantitative and qualitative approach to data (Cook; Reichardt, 1979; Richardson, 1985; Creswell, 2010) compiled from an English/Spanish parallel corpus of 1199 verbal -ING occurrences. Our main hypothesis is that the -ING construction, in its verbal function, is more central or prototypical (Rosch, 1973; Brugman, 1981; Lakoff, 1987; Langacker, 2008) in respect to its conceptual network and its other functions, namely nominal, adjectival and adverbial. These functions, in turn, exhibit a more peripheral role and are linked to the verbal function through metaphorical extension relationships (Goldberg, 1995, 2006). By performing a corpus-based analysis of the data (Berber-Sardinha, 2002, 2004) we finally argue that there is a radial organisation (Brugman, 1981; Lakoff, 1987) for the -ING construction, which goes from a more concrete level, being this more situated or grounded and thus more objectified (as a “here and now process”), until it gets to a more abstract level, therefore, less situated and more subjectified (taken as a “thing”).

Guayacán (Porlieria chilensis Johnst.) is a small tree or shrub endemic of Chile, belong to the Zygophyllaceae family, distributed between Region IV and VI of country, is to very adapted drier sites, growing in rocky mountain slope. This specie is classified under Vulnerable category. The study described the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of this wood, contributing at knowledge of this plant, the only represent of its genera in Chile. The more important macroscopic characteristics of wood are the contrast of color between its yellow sapwood and dark brown to green olive heartwood, obtaining an decorative figure, that joint to its hardness are characteristics very appreciated by the handicraftsman of Region IV. Microscopically presents difuse-porous, solitary vessel, fibres very thick-walled, axial parenchyma diffuse-in-aggregates, uniseriate rays and storied

El guayacán (Porlieria chilensis Johnst.) es un arbusto o árbol pequeño endémico de Chile perteneciente a la familia Zygophyllaceae, se distribuye entre la IV y VI región del país, está muy adaptado a sitios secos y áridos, creciendo en los faldeos cordilleranos y en las pendientes rocosas de los cerros. Está clasificada en la categoría de especie Vulnerable. En este estudio se describen las características macroscópicas y microscópicas de su madera, como un aporte al conocimiento de esta especie vegetal, única representante de su género en Chile. Las características macroscópicas más importantes de su madera, son el contraste de color entre la albura amarillenta y el duramen café oscuro a verde oliváceo, lo que le otorga un veteado muy decorativo, que unido a su gran dureza la hacen una madera muy apreciada por los artesanos de la IV Región. Microscópicamente presenta porosidad difusa, poros solitarios, fibras de paredes muy gruesas, parénquima apotraqueal difuso en agregados, radios leñosos uniseriados y estratificados

The general objective of this study was to measure the fibrilar angle and to establish its relationship with the age, in trees of Pinus radiata (D.DON). Five trees were chosen randomly and were extracted discs to the breast hight (1,3 m), specifically samples of the rings of growth 1, 5, 10, 15 and 17 (last ring from the pith). To this rings of growth, they were applied the method of Senft and Bendtsen (1985) to measure the fibrilar angle. The value of the fibrilar angle average for the five trees was of 18º, with a maximum value 43º and a minimum of 2º. As long as, the average value for the rings collected was of 38º for the ring 1, 22º for the 5, 16º for the 10, 11º for the 15 and 4º for the 17. The relationship between the age and the fibrilar angle, settled down by means of the adjustment of different models of lineal multiple regressions (lineal, quadratic and cubic), where the cubic pattern presented the best adjustment characteristcs (R²= 0,99). Both variation sources (age and tree) they were studied statistically to check if there was interaction among them, being determined that each variable acts in independent form on the fibrilar angle

El objetivo general de este estudio, fue medir el ángulo fibrilar y establecer su relación con la edad, en árboles de Pinus radiata (D.DON.). Se escogieron aleatoriamente cinco árboles, a los cuales se les extrajeron rodelas a la altura del DAP, específicamente probetas de los anillos de crecimiento 1, 5, 10, 15 y 17(desde la médula a la corteza). A dichos anillos de crecimiento, se les aplicó el método de Senft y Bendtsen (1985) para medir el ángulo fibrilar. El valor del ángulo fibrilar promedio para los cinco árboles fue de 18º, con un valor máximo de 43º y un mínimo de 2º. En tanto, el valor promedio para los anillos muestreados fue de 38º para el anillo 1, 22º para el 5, 16º para el 10, 11º para el 15 y 4º para el 17. La relación entre la edad y el ángulo fibrilar, se estableció mediante el ajuste de distintos modelos de regresiones lineales múltiples (lineal, cuadrático y cúbico), donde el modelo cúbico presentó las mejores características de ajuste (R² = 0,99). El estudio determinó estadísticamente que la edad posee un efecto significativo en el valor que adopta el ángulo fibrilar. Ambas fuentes de variación (edad y árbol) fueron estudiadas estadísticamente para comprobar si había interacción entre ellas, determinándose que cada variable actúa en forma independiente en el valor del ángulo fibrilar